English Grammar and Writing Guide

What is a Sentence? A sentence is a group of words that tells a complete thought. source Here are examples: 1. My uncle brought the red car. 2. The red car has six wheels. 3. The president of America has sold the sugar to the ancient Boss. 4. The young man has already married. This groups of words are a sentence because it tells a complete thought. These are NOT sentences: 1. The handsome young man. 2. The beautiful big mountain. 3. Hard of thinking the ancient boy. This groups of words are NOT a sentence because it does NOT express a complete thought. It leaves the reader wondering. Formula of sentence: S + V + O + Adverb Details: S Subject is a person who do something. V Verb is what the subject did. O Object is a noun, person, thing or complement. Adverb Adverb shows what the sentence explain. Exercise! Let's build your own Sentences with several word I've prepared. - Weak - Lady - feel - Wolf - Struggle

Tips and Trick how to master English By: Erik Sebastian To learn English is NOT difficult if we know what we have to learn in the first time. English is NOT something hard to learn. It will be easy if the learner stay in positive thinking. Many people said English is hard to learn. That word showed the speaker weakness. Albert Einstein said in his quote "Someone who has never made a mistake someone who has never tried something new. In fact, there are many ways how to learn English easily.   Recognize yourself English will run on yourself depends on how your thinking about it. If you thought English is hard of course that will be something hard for you. If you thought English is something will make you happy it will be. As long as I learn about English of course I feel happy because with English I can do anything such as looking for a friend, business partner, and many more. All in all before you learn English you have to cut off your habit to judge something you have

CCC GUOL Analysis of writing presented for keep your writing better, every single author needs the analysis of writing to make their writing interesting to read. Analysis of witting: -        Coherence Definition: tells about identity and systematically of your paragraph. Identity of paragraph: ·            Descriptive Definition: Describes about thing, place and people. è   People §   Physical Appearance ·       Appearance §   Character ·       Behaviour §   Background ·       Job ·       Hobby ·       Status è   Place §   Free organization

Perfect Continuous #Present Perfect Continuous Verb: Walk E.g.: [+] That robot has been walking for 5 hours usually the owner calls him. [-] That robot has NOT been walking for 5 hours usually the owner calls him. [?] Has that robot been walking for 5 hours usually the owner calls him? [-, ?] Has that robot NOT been walking for 5 hours usually the owner calls him? #Past Perfect Continuous Verb: Walk

Perfect Te nse #Present Perfect Verb: go E.g.: [+] She has gone.[Verbal sentence] Form: S + have/has + Past Participle [-] She has NOT gone. [Verbal sentence] Form: S + have/has + NOT + Past Participle [?] Has she gone? [Verbal sentence] Form: Have/has + S + Past Participle [-, ?] Has She NOT gone? [Verbal sentence] Form: Have/has + S + NOT + Past Participle #Past Perfect Verb: go

Continuous Tense #Present Continuous Verb: Walk E.g: [+] I am walking to the book store. Form: S + be [am, is, are] + V + ing + O [-] I am NOT walking to the book store. Form: S + be + NOT + V + ing + O [?] Am I walking to the book store? Form: Be + S + V + ing + O [-, ?] Am I NOT walking to the book store? Form: Be + S + NOT + V + ing + O E.g: [+] I am handsome.

Tenses #Simple Present  Verb: eat  e.g: [+] I eat banana. [Positive] - Verbal sentence Form -> S + V + Object [-] I do NOT eat banana. [Negative] - Verbal sentence Form -> S + do + NOT + V + Object [?] Do I eat banana? [Interrogative] - Verbal sentence Form -> Do + S + V + Object [-, ?] Do I NOT eat banana? [Negative, Interrogative] - Verbal sentence Form -> Do + S + NOT + V + Object e.g: [+] I am handsome. [Positive] - Nominal sentence

Sentence Def: Sentence is group of words consist of "S + V + O" and have to be ended with "[.] full stop", "[?]question mark" and "[!] exclamatory mark." or a set of words that is complete in itself, typically containing a subject and predicate (verb), conveying a statement, question, exclamation, or command, and consisting of a main clause and sometimes one or more subordinate clauses Based on verb usage sentence divided onto two parts. +--------------+ | A. Nominal Sentence | +--------------+ Def: Nominal sentence is sentence using "be" as a verb. Be -> am, is, are, was, were, be, been, being. Formula: "S + V + O [complement ANA (Adj, Adv, Noun)]" E.g: She is a doctor. Details: She -> subject Is -> verb [be] A doctor -> Object [noun phrase] +-------------+ | B. Verbal sentence | +-------------+ Def: Verbal sentence is sentence using action verb. Formula: "S + V + O" E.g: She eats a banana. D

Conjunction Def: a word is used to connect a same thing such as word and clause. +-----------------+ | A. Compound conjunction | +-----------------+ 1. Coordinative |-> FANBOYS | --> F : For [puts comma [,] before conjunction] | --> A : and | --> N : nor | --> B : but | -- > O : or | --> Y : yet [puts comma [,] before conjunction] | --> S : so [puts comma [,] before conjunction] E.g:  [F] She is absent, "for" she is dizzy. [A] Andi buys book "and" pen. [N] She thinks she knows better "nor" me. [B] I love you "but" I hate you.  [O] Irma "or" Andi is taller than me. [Y] Irma is badminton player, "yet" She is like volley ball. [So] America is the big country, "so" Indonesia is the rich country.  2. Correlative | -> Both .... And  | -> Not only ... But also | -> Either ..... Or  | -> Neither ..... Nor  E.g: [Both ... And]  - Both Andi and Dani are my friends. [Not only .... But a

Phrase   Definition of phrase   Couple of words have a meaning, word classes and has formula "M (pre) + H + M (post)."  E.g: good girl.  Explanatory: good [adj] + girl [noun] where "good" as pre modifier and "girl" became Head of pre modifier.  Based on it form, Phrase divided onto 9 parts [explanation will be brought 5 phrases. - Noun Phrase Def: that phrase has "noun" as "head" and "adjective" as modifier.  E.g: handsome man - Verb Phrase Def: Phrase has "verb" as head and "adverb" as "modifier."  E.g: study hard - Adjective phrase Def: that phrase has "adjective" as "head" and "adverb" as modifier. E.g: Small enough.  - Adverbial phrase Def: that phrase has "adverb" as head and modifier.  E.g: very slow - Prepositional phrase Form: preposition + object of prep. E.g: Because of you

Adjective Def: is a modifier of noun. Based on it form adjectives divided onto two parts.   A. Limiting Adjective [LA] 1. Article Member: the, a, an 2. Demonstrative Member: this [s] -> these [p], that [s] -> those [p] 3. Possessive Member: clear [possessive pronoun] 4. Indefinite  Member: much, many, some, several, a lot, any, little, few, etc. 5. Numeral  a). Ordinal [1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th .......] b). Cardinal [1, 2, 3, 4........] B. Descriptive adjective [DA] 1. Character -> e.g: Patient 2. Quality ->  e.g : Smart 3. Age ->  e.g  Old 4. Size ->  e.g : Big 5. Temperature ->  e.g : Hot 6. Shape ->  e.g : Circle 7. Colour ->  e.g : Red 8. Nationality ->  e.g : Indonesian

THE LION, THE WITCH AND THE WARDROBE BY  C.S.LEWIS CHAPTER ONE LUCY LOOKS INTO A WARDROBE ONCE there were four children whose names were Peter, Susan, Edmund and Lucy. This story is about something that happened to them when they were sent away from London during the war because of the air-raids. They were sent to the house of an old Professor who lived in the heart of the country, ten miles from the nearest railway station and two miles from the nearest post office. He had no wife and he lived in a very large house with a housekeeper called Mrs. Macready and three servants. (Their names were Ivy, Margaret and Betty, but they do not come into the story much.) He himself was a very old man with shaggy white hair which grew over most of his face as well as on his head, and they liked him almost at once; but on the first evening when he came out to meet them at the front door he was so odd-looking that Lucy (who was the youngest) was a little afraid of him, and Edmund

Verb Agreements Be [am/is/are -> present] I -> am You -> are They -> are We -> are She -> is He -> is It -> is Be [was/were -> past] I -> was You -> were They -> were We -> were She -> was He -> was It -> was Will/shall [would/should] I -> will/shall You -> will They -> will We -> will/shall She -> will He -> will It -> will Do/does I -> do You -> do They -> do We -> do She -> does He -> does It. -> does Have/has I -> have You -> have They -> have We -> have She -> has He -> has It -> has All simple past verb it should be similar in every single subject.

Definition of Verb and Verb usage Verb based on its form A. Ordinary Verb Characteristic of Ordinary verb: - Only one in a sentence - Verb "action" or "non action" 1. Transitive Verb [that verb needs an object] a. Monotransitive Def: Monotransitive that verb is followed by 1 object. Form: S + V + O E.g: I buy a car. b. Distransitive Def: that verb is followed by 2 object. a). Direct Object. Form: S + V + DO + to/for + IO E.g: Mr. John brings a flower for his girlfriend. b). Indirect Object. Form: S + V + IO + DO E.g: Mr. John brings his girlfriend a flower. 2. In-transitive verb. Def: Verb didn't need an object. Form: S + V a). Complete predicative Def: Verb has made a sentence clearly without an object. E.g: She slept. b). In complete predicative Def: Verb should be followed by object, and the verb should be Linking verb and the object should be complement consists of Noun, Adjective & Adverb [AAN]. Form: S + V (LV) + O (

Basic of verb A. Infinitive Verb [present]     1. Bare Infinitive [bare / V1]         Ex: Eat, speak, tell, etc.     2. To Infinitive [to + bare / V1]         Ex: to eat, to speak, to tell     3. Additional Infinitive [bare / V1 + s/es]         Ex: eats, speaks, tells    Note:     additional infinitive is using for third person [he/she/it] B. Participle Verb     1. Present Participle [bare / V1+ ing]         Ex: eating, speaking, telling     2. Past Participle [bare / V1 + d/ed]         Ex: walked, worked, waited         a. Past Regular [d/ed]             Ex: walk -> walk(ed) -> walk(ed)         b. Past Irregular [see oxford]             Ex: eat -> ate -> eaten Note: V1 [bare] -> eat V2 [Simple past] -> ate V3 [Past Participle] -> eaten

Verbs - Ordinary Verb 1. Transitive a.  Mono-transitive b.  Dis-transitive - Direct Object - Indirect Object 2. Intransitive a. Complete  b. Incomplete - Auxiliary Verb  1. Primary Auxiliary  2. Modal Auxiliary  3. Emphasize Auxiliary

Noun Based on form - Concrete Def: all the things appear in our eyes. Ex: table, desk, stone, tree, people, etc - Abstract Def: all the thing we can NOT see in our eyes. Ex: dream, purpose, love, etc. Based on it quantity - Countable Def: all the things are able to be counted. Ex: tree, table, desk, person, girl, man, etc. (1) Singular Def: all of the things are written as root word. Ex: tree, table, girl, etc. (2) Plural Def: all of the things are written by adding (s) or something different written. Depends on the plural form (1) Regular Def: nouns are changed by adding (s). Ex: tree -> tree(s), table -> table(s) (2) Irregular  Def: nouns are changed by different written form Ex: woman -> wom(e)n, man -> m(e)n - Uncountable Def: all the things aren't able to be counted. Ex: water, sugar, money, etc.

Part of speech: part I - Noun # Common noun # Collective noun # Material noun # Proper noun - Verb # Auxiliary verb [be, do, have] # Ordinary Verb [non-be] - Pronoun # Subjective # Objective # Possessive Adjective # Possessive pronoun # Reflexive - Adjective # Limiting Adjective [1] Article [2] Demonstrative [3] Pronoun [4] Indefinite Adjective [5] Numeral # Descriptive Adjective [1] Character [2] Quality [3] Size [4] Age [5] Temperature [6] Shape [7] Colour [8] Nationality - Adverbial # Based on its meaning # Manner # Place and direction # Time # Based on it functions # Sentence Adverb # Explanatory Adverb # Interrogative Adverb # Relative Adverb # Conjunctive Adjective - Conjunction # Compound Conjunction - Coordinative conjunction [FANBOYS] - Correlative Conjunction [both...and, etc] # Complex conjunction - S + V + complex conjunction + S + V - Preposition # Noun Prep # Adjective prep # Adverbial prep - Interje

Tenses song [Using 'Tinggal kenangan" song by Deby] I " sing " a song. [simple Present tense] I " am singing " a song. [Past tense] I " have sung " a song. [Present perfect] I " have been singing " a song. [Present perfect continuous] I " sang " a song. [simple past tense] I " was singing " a song. [Past continuous] I " had sung " a song. [Past perfect] I " had been singing " a song. [pat perfect continuous] Reff: I " will sing " a song. [simple future] I " will be singing " a song. [Future continuous] I " will have sung " a song. [Future perfect] I " will have been singing " a song. [Future perfect continuous] I " would sing " a song. [Simple past future] I " would be singing " a song. [Past future continuous] I " would have sung " a song. [Past future perfect] I " Would have been singing " a song. [past future per